Why Scientists Are Still Fascinated By Phineas Gage: tamping iron penetrated his skull. It showed that the different part of his brain impacts us. It was the beginning of neruroscience. It impacted his prefrontal cortex. Skull at Harvard:

An Overview of Criminal Victimization: The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program compiles official data on crime in the United States, published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The BJS National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is the nation's primary source of information on criminal victimization. Complement crimes that are not reported. Criminal Victimization, 2022

Federal Bureau of Investigationy: Crimes of 7 classification of UCR. There is a movement to transfer to the NIBRS system.

Video Footage of Shooter in Utah Valley University Shooting

RAINN Stats: The Criminal Justice System: Every 74 seconds, someone in the U.S. is sexually assaulted. Every nine minutes, that someone is a child.

Violent Crime Cases in Juvenile Court, 2021, posted in 2025

VA

Definition of a Juvenile: A "juvenile" is a person who has not attained his eighteenth birthday, and "juvenile delinquency" is the violation of a law of the United States committed by a person prior to his eighteenth birthday which would have been a crime if committed by an adult. A person over eighteen but under twenty-one years of age is also accorded juvenile treatment if the act of juvenile delinquency occurred prior to his eighteenth birthday. See 18 U.S.C. § 5031.

18 U.S.C.: 5031. Definitions

For the purposes of this chapter, a "juvenile" is a person who has not attained his eighteenth birthday, or for the purpose of proceedings and disposition under this chapter for an alleged act of juvenile delinquency, a person who has not attained his twenty-first birthday, and "juvenile delinquency" is the violation of a law of the United States committed by a person prior to his eighteenth birthday which would have been a crime if committed by an adult or a violation by such a person of section 922(x).

There were no really good videos for PP-2

Cesare Lombroso: Theory of Crime, Criminal Man and Atavism: Father of Criminology. He taught that through his research he found that criminals were born with certain physical charateristic. Italian. Basically his theories of crime have been dismissed.

Killer Genes, Brain scans were analyzed. Scan showed some similarities, brain profiles.

A biological basis. Meet Merry Mary movie . TED Talk serial killer born or made. 68% of males National Institue of Justice has childhood abuse before 12 years old. Physical abuse. This stat if from England.

The term "Warrior Gene" refers to a genetic variation of the MAOA gene (less) that, when combined with specific environmental factors like child abuse, may increase a person's predisposition to aggression and antisocial behavior, though it does not guarantee violent behavior.

Expert witness: Parkland school shooter suffers from fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Cesare Lombroso: Theory of Crime, Criminal Man, and Atavism Lombroso’s (1876) biological theory of criminology suggests that criminality is inherited and that someone “born criminal” could be identified by the way they look. In The Criminal Man (“L’Uomo delinquente”), first published in 1876, he suggested that there was distinct biological class of people that were prone to criminality. These people exhibited ‘atavistic’ (i.e. primitive) features. Atavistic derives from the word “avatus”, which means ancestor in Latin. These atavistic characteristics, he argued, denoted the fact that the offenders were at a more primitive stage of evolution than non-offenders; they were “genetic throwbacks”. This made them, according to Lombroso, wilder, untamed and unable to fit in the 1870s society and therefore they would inevitably turn to crime. This implies that criminality is inherited and that it can be identified by physical defects.

He also claimed the “born criminal” had a liking for tattoos , cruel and wicked games and their own language through a primeval slang (a throwback to their savage ancestry).

Lombroso argued that criminals were not to blame for their criminal activities as their behavior was determined by their physiology.

This theory was influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution.
(The Origin of the Species was published in 1859)

Lombroso examined over 4000 offenders (living and dead) to identify physical markers indicative of the atavistic form. In a study of 383 dead Italian criminals and 3839 living ones he found 40% of them had atavistic characteristics.

This theory has also been used to support eugenics. Eugenics is a philosophy arguing that those who are born with genetic advantages should be allowed to breed for the good of society but those who are born with genetic disadvantages should be eliminated to improve the genetic quality of the human population.

Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning--Dog salivates to a sound--involuntary biological responses not to train a person to do something, it's unvoluntary. You can end by multiple rounds of not doing it called extinction. Take the Test Below.

Watson’s Theory of Behaviorism. Behaviorism: be afraid of a lab rate. He could train them to do anything. Little Albert experiment. Instill new behaviors. He wrote a book: leave them alone. He kids became all -4- suicide. You let your baby cry until they fall asleep. He suggested that you do not comfort them.

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning: Rewards and Punishments: Either positive or negative.

ABC of Behavior. Random, addict, Regualar: not addiction. See below positive reinforcement equal postive behavior.

Social Learning Theory: Bandura’s Bobo Beatdown Experiments. Learn with observation, punching clown doll. Copy what you see.

Differential Association: 9 Rules for Becoming a Criminal.

Milgram experiment 1963 Obedience to Authority electric shocks YALE University

The Stanford Prison Experiments: The experiment ended well before it was suppose to. People can use power as abuse. Some student was planned. Power dynamics

The Bystander Effect. (2009). Diffusion of responsibility.

Anger is a normal response

Albert Handura: Bobo doll, indirect observatioal learning. Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment

“HUMAN AGGRESSION” 1976 HUMAN BEHAVIOR STUDIES & THE DR. STANLEY MILGRAM EXPERIMENT XD98015

aggression: intending of causing harm, sometimes it is a threat; symbolic and language used.

Stanley Milligram

The object of aggression, 1960, graded series of shocks, the aggression machine.

Men will give stronger shocks, an aggressive act. The group will act to the aggression sometimes by the group. It is some of each level.

Aggressive play: sports. Status is high to low

Frustration to aggression....promised radio is frustrated so he steals charity cash.

Yes, frustration is linked to child abuse

Attribution Error

Both are subjective (above)

Boy and Girls toys: you changed the clothes of young children and adults buy on to the toys (opposite clothing)

Are we born good or bad. The baby lab. Babies look and pick "nice" puppies that babies look at. Inborn "justice"